Electrode boilers utilize the conductive and resistive properties of water to carry electric current and generate steam. An a.c. current flows from an electrode of one phase, through neutral, to an electrode of another phase using water as the conductor. Since the water has electrical resistance, this current flow generates heat directly in the water itself. The more current (amps) that flows, the more steam produced. 100% of the electrical energy is converted into heat with no stack or heat transfer losses.
                                            
Low water protection is absolute since the absence of water prevents current from flowing and the electrode boiler from producing steam. Unlike conventional resistance type electric boilers or fossil fuel boilers, nothing in the electrode boiler is at a higher temperature than the water itself. If scaling should occur in the boiler, it will electrically insulate the electrodes, which reduces current flow and boiler output. There is no loss in conversion efficiency however, and , simply cleaning the electrodes will restore full boiler capacity. There can be no heat buildup in the electrodes, therefore, no electrode burnout, and no danger to the boiler itself.